• Two reprogramming factors Oct and Sox are core

  2018-10-22

  

  Two reprogramming factors, Oct4 and Sox2, are core regulatory factors that function cooperatively with Nanog in both human and mouse ESCs (Boyer et al., 2005; Loh et al., 2006). Oct4 has been studied at length and is recognized as being essential for the early development and maintenance of pluripot

• br Materials and methods br Acknowledgment

  2018-10-22

  

  Materials and methods Acknowledgment Introduction Cellular differentiation and dedifferentiation require global changes in gene expression regulated in part by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and chromatin reorganization. DNA methylation is a covalent modification of cytosine

• To the best of our knowledge only

  2018-10-22

  

  To the best of our knowledge, only three metabolites, L-threonine, butyrate, and vitamin C, have been identified so far that act as epigenetic modulators of ESC self-renewal and/or somatic cell reprogramming (Mali et al., 2010; Shyh-Chang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2009). Interestingly, L-threonine,

• br Results br Discussion In this study we show

  2018-10-22

  

  Results Discussion In this study, we show that hepatic lineages are reversible between adult MSCs and hepatocytes. Such reversibility is regulated by the TGFβ1-DNMT axis. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the demonstration that hepatocytes can be converted into multi-potent MLCs witho

• This is in accord with previous reports that

  2018-10-22

  

  This is in accord with previous reports, that astrocytes influence both proliferation and differentiation of embryonic and adult neural stem cells, and specifically promote neurogenic fate of neural stem cells (Roy et al., 2006; Nakayama et al., 2003; Song et al., 2002). Factors that affect neural s

• Positive selection via magnetic sorting for CD increased the

  2018-10-20

  

  Positive selection via magnetic sorting for CD133 increased the CD133+ proportion of the XF Shef6 hNSCs from 17% to 82%. Interestingly, the CD34+ proportion of the Shef6 hNSCs was measured at less than 5%, as detected by flow cytometry, in both the non-sorted and CD133+/CD34− sorted hNSCs, which may

• The following are the supplementary data related to

  2018-10-20

  

  The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI), which is characterized by impaired renal function, results in a major clinical problem especially in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Considering the poor outcome

• We also showed that in the old

  2018-10-20

  

  We also showed that in the old mdx× mouse, whose muscle pathology is exacerbated by age, satellite cell number per myofiber is not reduced compared to their wild type counterparts (Boldrin et al, 2009). In fact, there were more than 4 fold more satellite MLN4924 cost per myofiber, and although old

• br Methods and materials br

  2018-10-20

  

  Methods and materials Results Discussion Existing methods for hPSC differentiation to endothelial progenitors require the addition of growth factors and/or xenogenic components, limiting their application for large-scale production and therapeutic applications (Bautch, 2011; Wilson et al.,

• br Resource table br Resource details

  2018-10-20

  

  Resource table Resource details An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line had been generated from human skin fibroblasts of a male, symptomatic 33-year-old spinocerebellar type 2 (SCA2) patient (anonymized as H271) using episomal vectors carrying transcripts for human OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, L-MY

• br Materials and methods br Verification and authentication

  2018-10-20

  

  Materials and methods Verification and authentication Karyotyping was performed at the Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark. At least 10 metaphases were analysed per sample with an approximate resolution of 550 to 600 bands per haploid genome. The resu

• br Design of donor plasmids If no

  2018-10-20

  

  Design of donor plasmids If no footprintless gene targeting is required or it is intended to introduce larger transgenes, donor plasmids have to be constructed that contain the homology arms flanking the transgenes or selection cassettes coupled to promoters of choice. Similarly, donor plasmids c

• It has been hypothesized that neurogenesis in DG

  2018-10-20

  

  It has been hypothesized that neurogenesis in DG may play an important role in learning and memory and especially in spatial memory (Deng et al., 2010; Jessberger et al., 2009; Piatti et al., 2013). In the present study, mice with AQ treatment showed an increased percentage of spontaneous alternatio

• We can only speculate on the

  2018-10-20

  

  We can only speculate on the reasons for the contradictions between our study and the Porrello study (Porrello et al., 2011). Importantly, we resected equal amounts of apex tissue, an obvious key parameter that otherwise could have influenced the outcome. Likewise, we used the same time schedule dur

• The relationships of the proximal fetal lung progenitor pool

  2018-10-20

  

  The relationships of the proximal fetal lung progenitor pool characterized in this study to other epithelial cell types remain to be investigated. In the proximal lung of adult animals, either club nos inhibitor expressing SCGB1A1 or basal cells expressing KRT5, ITGA6, and NGFR (and others) acts as

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